Note: This article was originally published on The Conversation by Klas Flärdh at Lund University, and Paul Becher at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Read the original article here.

Thursday, April 16, 2020 - That mysterious scent has been called "petrichor'', and the main component of it is an organic compound called geosmin, which lingers around moist soil.

Geosmin comes from the ancient Greek "geo", meaning earth, and "osme", meaning smell. We use this scent as an ingredient in perfumes and it is what gives beetroot its earthy flavor. Geosmin can also be perceived as an “off” flavor in water and wine. As part of a team of scientists from Sweden, the UK, and Hungary, we discovered the fascinating biology behind this enigmatic compound.

Scientists have known since the 1960s that geosmin is made by microorganisms in the soil, primarily by bacteria with the scientific name Streptomyces. These bacteria are abundant in soil and are among nature’s best chemists, as they make a wide range of molecules (called specialized metabolites) from which many antibiotics derive. Streptomycetes and their close relatives make thousands of different specialized metabolites - a true treasure trove for the potential discovery of new antibiotics.

Streptomycete bacteria are commonly found in soil and are famous for being the source of many currently used antibiotics. In our recent study, we found that geosmin is part of the chemical language in a mutually beneficial relationship between Streptomyces bacteria and springtails, insect-like organisms that are abundant in the ground.

We discovered this by asking if there could be soil organisms out there that would be attracted to the smell of Streptomyces. We baited traps with colonies of Streptomyces coelicolor and placed them in a field. Our traps captured several types of soil organisms, including spiders and mites. But strikingly, it was springtails that showed a particular preference for the traps baited with geosmin-producing Streptomyces.

Using a particular species of springtail, Folsomia candida, we tested how these creatures sense and react to geosmin. We placed electrodes on their tiny antennae (the average body size of a springtail is about 2mm) and detected which smells stimulated them.

Geosmin and the related earthy odorant 2-methylisoborneol were sensed by the antennae, which is essentially the creature's nose. By studying springtails walking in Y-shaped glass tubes, we saw they had a strong preference for the arm that smelled of these earthy compounds.

The benefit for the animals seems to be that the odors lead them to a source of food. While geosmin-emitting microbes are often toxic to other organisms that avoid them, we found that it did no harm to the springtails we tested.

As the springtails grazed on a Streptomyces colony, we saw spores sticking to their cuticle (the outer surface of the animal). Springtails have a special anti-adhesive and water-repellent surface that bacteria typically don’t stick to, but Streptomyces spores can adhere, probably because they have their own water-repellent surface layer. Spores eaten by the springtails can also survive and be excreted in fecal pellets.

So, springtails help spread Streptomyces spores as they travel through the soil, in much the same way pollinating bees are lured to visit flowers and take with them the pollen grains that adhere to their bodies and fertilize the other plants they visit. Birds eat attractive berries or fruits and help the plant to spread its seeds with their droppings.

Next time you encounter that earthy smell, let it be a reminder of the fascinating and extremely valuable bacteria that thrive in the ground beneath your feet. You might be listening in on an ancient type of communication between bacteria and the creatures that live with them in the soil.

Learn More Here